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Linux Foundation CKAD Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Application Deployment: It gives you information on implementing common deployment strategies, understanding deployments and rolling updates, and using Helm to deploy existing packages.
Topic 2	Application Observability and Maintenance: Here, you'll cover sub-topics related to API deprecations, implementing probes and health checks for applications. Moreover, the topic discusses monitoring Kubernetes applications by using built-in CLI tools, utilizing container logs, and performing debugging tasks within a Kubernetes environment.
Topic 3	Services and Networking: In this topic, you'll explore NetworkPolicies, troubleshooting access to applications via Kubernetes services, and using Ingress rules to expose applications externally.
Topic 4	Application Environment, Configuration, and Security: This topic covers discovering and using Kubernetes resources like Custom Resource Definitions (CRD) and Operators, understanding authentication, authorization, and admission control mechanisms. It also focuses on requests, limits, and quotas. Lastly, the topic covers ConfigMaps and Secrets, application security and ServiceAccounts.
Topic 5	Application Design and Build: This topic covers defining, building, and modifying container images, choosing and utilizing workload resources like Deployments and DaemonSets, understanding multi-container Pod design patterns, and utilizing persistent and ephemeral volumes within Kubernetes.

Reference: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-kubernetes-application-developer-ckad/

What is the cost of CNCF Certified Kubernetes Application Developer

Passing score: 70%
Number of Questions: 40
Cost: $300 USD
Length of Examination: 120 minutes
Format: Multiple choices, multiple answers

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What is the difference between Kubernetes and OpenStack?

OpenStack is a service-oriented cloud computing platform. It is massive and complex. You can't use it to develop multi-container applications. It enables multiple users to access a cloud platform. OpenStack is a framework that can be used by many different cloud providers. You can install it on your own infrastructure or any cloud provider. Windows support is not available but Linux and macOS are supported. You can use it with IaaS or PaaS providers. Allows you to create private clouds with different authentication methods and storage options. Kubernetes provides a lot of additional configuration options. Cluster size is limited and can't be changed. You must deploy all your applications and then adjust each application's requirements. Not that easy to use, and you need to know a lot of details about it. Concepts are different from Kubernetes. You can use it if you have no programming skills or Linux knowledge. Absolutely necessary for implementing Kubernetes. It is scalable. Good support for written documentation. Great support for developing open-source software.

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What is CNCF Certified Kubernetes Application Developer Exam

CNCF Certified Kubernetes Application Developer Exam is a unique opportunity to show that you have mastered the fundamentals of Kubernetes. The exam tests your knowledge of the concepts and knowledge required for a successful implementation of a production-ready Kubernetes cluster. Scenarios are tailored for users who are new to Kubernetes, but familiar with application development. External users and organizations that issue and recognize the credentials of the developer may recognize this exam as a certification. Active releases of Kubernetes may also recognize the credentials of this exam.

Laptop and home computer requirements: A computer running Windows 10 (including Windows 10 S, Windows 10 Fall Creators Update, and Windows 10 October 2018 Update), Mac OS X (Darwin 17.3.5 or later), or Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (or later). CNCF CKAD Dumps is formulated for people who are expected to install, configure, and manage multi-node production-grade clusters of Kubernetes nodes deployed on Linux. Topic includes: Kubernetes Concepts and Architecture, Deploying and Managing a multi-node cluster, and Administering and troubleshooting a multi-node cluster. Note that this exam is not meant for people working on Open Source projects unless you are the primary developer. CNCF Certified Kubernetes Application Developer Exam is a unique opportunity to show that you have mastered the fundamentals of Kubernetes. Valuable for companies or individual developers who are responsible for the development, design, and implementation of containerized applications using Kubernetes. Knowing how to build, deploy, and maintain distributed applications running on Kubernetes is crucial for any modern software engineer.

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Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Application Developer Sample Questions:

Question #1

Context
You are tasked to create a ConfigMap and consume the ConfigMap in a pod using a volume mount.
Task
Please complete the following:
* Create a ConfigMap named another-config containing the key/value pair: key4/value3
* start a pod named nginx-configmap containing a single container using the nginx image, and mount the key you just created into the pod under directory /also/a/path See the solution below.

Reveal Solution Discussion 0

Correct Answer:

Solution:

Question #2

You have a Deployment named 'database-deployment' that runs a PostgreSQL database container. You want to enforce the following security restrictions:
- The container should only be allowed to run with the I-IID 1000.
- The container should be able to access a specific hostPath volume mounted at '/db-data' for storing database data.
- The container should not be allowed to escalate privileges.
- The container should only have the 'NET BIND SERVICE capability, allowing it to listen on specific ports.
You need to define a SecurityContext in the Deployment configuration to enforce these restrictions.

Reveal Solution Discussion 0

Correct Answer:

See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the SecurityContext
- Create a 'securitycontext' section within the 'spec-template-spec-containers' block for your 'database-deployment container-
- Set 'runAsIJsers to '1000' to enforce running as UID 1000.
- Set 'allowPrivilegeEscalation' to 'false' to disable privilege escalation-
- In the 'capabilities' sectiom
- Set 'drop' to an array containing all capabilities except 'NET BIND_SERVICE'
- Set 'add' to an array containing 'NET BIND SERVICE
- Define a 'volumeMount' to mount the '/db-data' hostPath volume.
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the SecurityContext:
- Create a 'securityContext' section within the block for your 'database-deployment container.
- Set 'runAslJser' to "1000' to enforce running as UID 1000.
- Set 'allowPriviIegeEscaIation' to 'false' to disable privilege escalation.
- In the 'capabilities' section:
- Set 'drop' to an array containing all capabilities except 'NET BIND SERVICE
- Set 'add' to an array containing
- Define a 'volumeMount' to mount the '/db-data' hostPath volume.

2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the Deployment YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f database-deployment.yaml. - The 'securityContext' restricts the container's benavior and capabilities. - Setting 'runAslJser' to '1000' forces the container to run as the specified UID. - 'allowPrivilegeEscalation' set to 'false' prevents tne container from gaining higner privileges. - The 'capabilities' section controls specific capabilities. 'drop' removes unwanted capabilities, while 'add' grants specific capabilities. In this case, the container is allowed to use the capability, enabling it to bind to specific ports. - The 'volumeMount defines the mount point for the hostPath volume, providing access to the specified directory tor database data. This configuration ensures that the 'database-deployment container runs with the specific IJID, cannot escalate privileges, and only has the 'NET BIND SERVICE' capability, while accessing the hostPath volume for database data. This provides a secure environment for your database container.,

Question #3

You have a Deployment named 'my-app-deployment' that runs 3 replicas of an application container. The application container requires access to a ConfigMap named 'my-app-config' . You want to configure your Deployment to use Kustomize to automatically update the ConfigMap's data within the containers whenever the ConfigMap is updated. You also need to configure a rolling update strategy for the Deployment that allows for a maximum of one pod to be unavailable during the update process.

Reveal Solution Discussion 0

Correct Answer:

See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a ConfigMap with the necessary data:

Apply tne ConfigMap using 'kubectl apply -f my-app-config.yaml' 2. Create a Kustomization file for your Deployment:

This file defines the resources that Kustomize will manage and the patch file to apply 3. Create a patch file to reference the ConfigMap:

This patch adds a 'envFrom' section to the container, referencing the 'my-app-config' ConfigMap. 4. Create your Deployment YAML file:

5. Apply the Kustomize configuration: - Navigate to the directory containing your Kustomization file. - Run the command 'kustomize build' to build the Kustomize resources. - Apply the built resources using 'kubectl apply -f kustomization_yaml' 6. Update the ConfigMap: Modify the data within the 'my-app-config' ContigMap. You can either edit the YAML file directly or use 'kubectl patch' to update specific values. 7. Verify the update: - Observe the logs of your 'my-apps containers to confirm that the environment variable has been updated with the new ConfigMap data. - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=my-app' to monitor the rolling update process. You should see one pod at a time being updated with the new ConfigMap data. Note: The rolling update strategy ensures that only one pod is unavailable at a time during the update process, minimizing downtime. Kustomize ensures that the ConfigMap changes are automatically applied to the Deployment, keeping your application up-to-date.]

Question #4

You have a Deployment named 'wordpress-deployment' that runs 3 replicas of a WordPress container. You need to implement a persistent volume claim (PVC) for each pod that stores the website data, and you want to ensure that the data persists even if the pod is deleted or restarted. The PVC should be created using a storage class named 'standard' with a capacity of 10Gi.

Reveal Solution Discussion 0

Correct Answer:

See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Create a Storage Class:
- Create a 'standard' storage class:

- Apply the YAML file: bash kubectl apply -f standard-storage-class-yaml 2. Create a Persistent Volume Claim: - Create a PVC named 'wordpress-pvc' with a request for IOGi storage and using the 'standard' storage class:

- Apply the YAML file: bash kubectl apply -f wordpress-pvc.yaml 3. Update the Deployment - Update the Swordpress-deployment' YAML file to mount the PVC to each pod:

- Apply the updated YAML file: bash kubectl apply -f wordpress-deployment_yaml 4. Verify the Deployment - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments wordpress-deployment' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. - Use 'kubectl describe pods -l app=wordpress' to confirm that each pod is using the 'wordpress-pvc' and the website data is stored in the persistent volume. - You can now access the WordPress website through the service that is associated with the Deployment. 5. Test Data Persistence: - Delete or restan one of the pods in the deployment. - Observe that the website data remains intact because the PVC is persistent and the data is stored in the underlying volume.,

Question #5

Task:
1) First update the Deployment cka00017-deployment in the ckad00017 namespace:
*To run 2 replicas of the pod
*Add the following label on the pod:
Role userUI
2) Next, Create a NodePort Service named cherry in the ckad00017 nmespace exposing the ckad00017- deployment Deployment on TCP port 8888 See the solution below.